Article Retraction

JGCEE may retract a published article when there is clear evidence that the article is unreliable or that serious publication or research misconduct has occurred. Retraction is reserved for circumstances that substantially compromise the integrity of the published scholarly record.

An article may be considered for retraction when:

• There is a major scientific error that invalidates or substantially affects the article's conclusions, including serious miscalculation, methodological error, or unreliable findings.
• There is clear evidence of research misconduct, including data fabrication, data falsification, or manipulation of research results.
• The article contains plagiarism, inappropriate reuse of substantial content, or other forms of serious publication misconduct.
• The findings have been published elsewhere without appropriate disclosure, cross-referencing, permission, or justification, resulting in redundant or duplicate publication.
• There are serious authorship or ethical issues that materially affect the integrity of the publication.

Retraction Procedure

Identification of Concern

A potential need for retraction may be brought to the attention of the Editor by authors, readers, reviewers, editors, institutions, or other relevant parties.

Editorial Investigation

The Editor will assess the concern and, where appropriate, investigate the matter in accordance with recognized publication-ethics standards and applicable editorial procedures.

Author Response

Authors may be contacted and given an appropriate opportunity to respond to the concerns and provide relevant explanations, evidence, or supporting documentation.

Editorial Decision

The final decision regarding retraction is made by the Editor(s), taking into consideration the available evidence, the seriousness of the issue, and applicable publication-ethics principles.

Publication of Retraction Notice

A formal retraction notice will be published and linked to the original article. The original article will normally remain part of the scholarly record but will be clearly identified as Retracted.

Article Correction

JGCEE may issue a correction when a published article contains an error that affects the accuracy, clarity, or interpretation of the publication but does not invalidate the article as a whole. Corrections may be considered for significant factual, scientific, authorship, production, or other errors that require formal notification to readers.

Types of Corrections

Publisher Correction (Erratum)

An Erratum may be issued to correct an important error introduced during the production or publication process by the journal or publisher that affects the publication record or the integrity and presentation of the article.

Author Correction (Corrigendum)

A Corrigendum may be issued when an important error introduced by the authors affects the accuracy, interpretation, or integrity of the published article but does not invalidate the article as a whole.

Addendum

An Addendum may be published when additional information from the authors is necessary to clarify, expand, or provide important context for the published article.

Editorial Assessment of Corrections

The decision to issue a correction and determine the appropriate type of correction rests with the Editor(s). The Editor(s) may seek advice from reviewers, members of the Editorial Board, or relevant subject experts when necessary.

Article Removal

In extremely limited circumstances, JGCEE may remove a published article from its online platform when continued public availability would create serious legal, ethical, or public-health concerns. Such circumstances may include an article that is clearly defamatory, infringes legal rights, is subject to a valid court order, or, if acted upon, could pose a serious and immediate health or safety risk.

Article Replacement

In exceptional circumstances where a published article contains information that may pose a serious health or safety risk if acted upon, the authors may request replacement of the original article with a corrected version. Any replacement will be subject to editorial assessment. The original publication history will be preserved, and the retraction or replacement notice will provide a clear link to the corrected version.

Publication Record and Transparency

JGCEE is committed to preserving the completeness and transparency of the scholarly record. Retraction, correction, removal, and replacement notices will be clearly linked to the affected article and, where applicable, associated with its Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

Publication Ethics

JGCEE handles retractions and corrections in accordance with recognized principles of publication ethics and relevant best practices, including applicable guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).