Breach of Contract in Electronic Agreements in the Digital Era: An Indonesian Civil Law Perspective
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Rapid advances in information and communication technology have fundamentally transformed legal relationships in various forms of digital transactions. While electronic contracts offer greater efficiency, flexibility, and convenience, they also give rise to increasingly complex legal issues, particularly those related to breaches of contractual obligations in the digital ecosystem. This study examines the various forms of breach of contract in electronic agreements in the digital era and evaluates the legal protection available to contracting parties under Indonesian civil law. Employing a normative legal research method, the study applies statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The analysis is based on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through library research and examined using a qualitative-descriptive approach. The findings demonstrate that breaches of contract in electronic agreements retain the fundamental characteristics of conventional contractual breaches, including non-performance, delayed performance, defective performance, and conduct inconsistent with contractual obligations. Nevertheless, the increasing complexity of digital transactions has broadened the potential scope of contractual breaches due to the involvement of digital platforms, electronic system providers, payment service providers, and other technological intermediaries. Indonesian civil law, together with legislation governing electronic transactions, establishes both preventive and repressive mechanisms for legal protection. However, significant challenges remain regarding electronic evidence, the allocation of legal responsibility, dispute resolution, and the enforcement of judicial decisions. Accordingly, strengthening the regulatory framework, promoting legal harmonization, and developing adaptive dispute resolution mechanisms are essential to enhancing legal certainty and ensuring effective legal protection within Indonesia's digital transaction ecosystem.
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