Article Retraction

JLC may retract a published article when there is clear evidence that the article is unreliable or that serious publication or research misconduct has occurred. Retraction is reserved for circumstances that substantially compromise the integrity, reliability, or accuracy of the published legal scholarship.

An article may be considered for retraction when:

• There is a major error in legal analysis, methodology, interpretation, or factual information that substantially affects the article's conclusions or scholarly contribution.
• There is clear evidence of research or publication misconduct, including fabrication, falsification, manipulation, or deliberate misrepresentation of research findings or legal analysis.
• The article contains plagiarism, inappropriate reuse of substantial content, or other forms of serious publication misconduct.
• The findings, arguments, or substantial content have been published elsewhere without appropriate disclosure, cross-referencing, permission, or justification, resulting in redundant or duplicate publication.
• There are serious authorship, conflict-of-interest, legal, or ethical issues that materially affect the integrity of the publication.
• The article contains materially inaccurate, misleading, or unverifiable legal authorities, including statutes, regulations, court decisions, cases, or other legal sources that substantially affect the legal analysis.

Retraction Procedure

Identification of Concern

A potential need for retraction may be brought to the attention of the Editor by authors, readers, reviewers, editors, institutions, legal scholars, or other relevant parties.

Editorial Investigation

The Editor will assess the concern and, where appropriate, investigate the matter in accordance with recognized publication-ethics standards and applicable editorial procedures.

Author Response

Authors may be contacted and given an appropriate opportunity to respond to the concerns and provide relevant explanations, evidence, legal sources, or supporting documentation.

Editorial Decision

The final decision regarding retraction is made by the Editor(s), taking into consideration the available evidence, the seriousness of the issue, the reliability of the legal and scholarly content, and applicable publication-ethics principles.

Publication of Retraction Notice

A formal retraction notice will be published and linked to the original article. The original article will normally remain part of the scholarly record but will be clearly identified as Retracted.

Article Correction

JLC may issue a correction when a published article contains an error that affects the accuracy, clarity, interpretation, or presentation of the publication but does not invalidate the article as a whole. Corrections may be considered for significant factual, legal, authorship, citation, methodological, production, or other errors that require formal notification to readers.

Types of Corrections

Publisher Correction (Erratum)

An Erratum may be issued to correct an important error introduced during the production or publication process by the journal or publisher that affects the publication record, legal citation, accuracy, or presentation of the article.

Author Correction (Corrigendum)

A Corrigendum may be issued when an important error introduced by the authors affects the accuracy, interpretation, legal analysis, citation, or integrity of the published article but does not invalidate the article as a whole.

Addendum

An Addendum may be published when additional information from the authors is necessary to clarify, expand, or provide important legal, scholarly, or contextual information related to the published article.

Editorial Assessment of Corrections

The decision to issue a correction and determine the appropriate type of correction rests with the Editor(s). The Editor(s) may seek advice from reviewers, members of the Editorial Board, legal scholars, or relevant subject experts when necessary.

Article Removal

In extremely limited circumstances, JLC may remove a published article from its online platform when continued public availability would create serious legal, ethical, or other exceptional concerns. Such circumstances may include an article that is clearly defamatory, unlawfully infringes legal rights, contains serious violations of privacy or confidentiality, is subject to a valid court order, or presents another exceptional circumstance requiring removal from public access.

Article Replacement

In exceptional circumstances where a published article contains information that may create a serious legal, ethical, or public-interest concern if relied upon, the authors may request replacement of the original article with a corrected version. Any replacement will be subject to editorial assessment. The original publication history will be preserved, and the appropriate correction, retraction, or replacement notice will provide a clear link to the corrected version.

Publication Record and Transparency

JLC is committed to preserving the completeness, accuracy, and transparency of the scholarly record. Retraction, correction, removal, and replacement notices will be clearly linked to the affected article and, where applicable, associated with its Digital Object Identifier (DOI). Appropriate publication-status information will be maintained to ensure that readers can identify the current status and publication history of the article.

Publication Ethics

JLC handles retractions, corrections, removals, and replacements in accordance with recognized principles of publication ethics and relevant best practices, including applicable guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Editorial decisions are made with due consideration for the integrity of the scholarly record, fairness to authors and readers, and the accuracy and reliability of published legal scholarship.