Cognitia : International Engineering Journal
Hybrid AHP TOPSIS Approach for Evaluating Green Supply Chain Management Barriers in the Poultry Processing Industry
Section: Industrial Engineering and Management Keywords: Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM), Agro-Industry, Poultry Supply Chain, AHP-TOPSIS, Sustainability Strategy The implementation of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has become increasingly important in the agro-industrial sector, particularly in the poultry processing industry, due to rising environmental concerns and growing demand for sustainable production practices. However, its adoption remains limited because of various operational, technological, and managerial barriers. This study aims to identify and evaluate the major barriers to GSCM implementation and determine the most appropriate strategic solutions using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach. The methods applied combine the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess the priority weights of barriers and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to rank alternative strategies. Data were collected through literature review, expert validation, and questionnaires distributed to 37 respondents involved in poultry supply chain activities, with all instruments proven valid and reliable. The findings reveal five primary barriers, namely limited environmentally friendly technology, low management commitment, limited investment capacity, inadequate human resource training, and unclear regulatory support and incentives. The TOPSIS analysis indicates that training and awareness enhancement is the most effective strategy, achieving the highest closeness coefficient value of 0.812. The study concludes that strengthening internal organizational capabilities, particularly through training and awareness, along with improving external support mechanisms, is essential to facilitate effective and sustainable GSCM implementation in the agro-industrial sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asrul Fole, Khoerun Nisa Safitri, Nurul 'Aini, Erniyani, Bili Syufrian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Performance Analysis and Optimization of an Ammonia Stripper through Scrubber Integration Using Industrial Data and Aspen Hysys Simulation
Section: Chemical and Process Engineering Keywords: Ammonia Stripper, NH₃ , Stripping Efficiency , Aspen HYSYS, Scrubber The stripping gas from the ammonia stripper still shows fluctuating ammonia (NH₃) content and, under certain conditions, has the potential to exceed the targeted limit. This study discusses the evaluation of the ammonia stripper output gas and efforts to reduce NH₃ levels by adding a scrubber unit as a further treatment using Aspen HYSYS V.11 simulation. However, previous studies have primarily focused on ammonia removal within the stripper unit under steady-state conditions, with limited investigation into the integration of scrubber systems to handle fluctuating industrial wastewater and steam flow conditions. Operational performance was evaluated using industrial data collected during August 6–10, 2025, by calculating NH₃ removal efficiency based on inlet–outlet concentrations, followed by Aspen HYSYS simulation using the Extended NRTL model to analyze the effect of wastewater flow rate and assess the optimization process through scrubber integration. The evaluation results show that before the addition of the scrubber, the NH₃ reduction efficiency in the ammonia stripper was in the range of 87.78–96.34% with an average value of 92.97%, but under conditions of high wastewater discharge, the NH₃ concentration in the stripping gas still increased. Scrubber integration simulations showed that the NH₃ concentration in the stripper exhaust gas decreased from 3.21% to 0.96%, equivalent to a reduction of approximately 70%, indicating significant emission optimization. These results indicate that the addition of a scrubber to the stripped gas is an effective alternative to control NH₃ emissions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prahady Susmanto, Irsyadi yani, David Bahrin, Asty Maharani, Suci Anggraini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Usability Evaluation of an Appropriate Technology-Based Corn Sheller Using Performance Metrics and Physiological Responses
Section: Industrial Engineering and Management Keywords: Appropriate Technology, Corn Sheller, USability evaluation, System Usability Scale (SUS), User Performance Appropriate Technology (AT) is widely applied in the agricultural sector to improve post-harvest productivity, including the use of corn shellers. However, many existing corn shellers have not fully considered usability and ergonomic aspects, which may lead to inefficiency, errors, and increased cognitive and physical workload for users. This study aims to evaluate the usability of a corn sheller and identify physiological parameters that indicate usability levels. An experimental method was employed involving two groups of participants, namely novice users and experienced users. Usability evaluation was conducted using the System Usability Scale (SUS), user performance indicators (task completion rate, task completion time, and error rate), and physiological measurements in the form of body temperature changes before and after task execution. The results showed that experienced users achieved a higher average SUS score (88.50, excellent usability) compared to novice users (58.50, marginal usability). Experienced users completed tasks faster, achieved a 100% task completion rate, and made fewer errors. Novice users required longer completion times, showed higher error rates, and experienced greater increases in body temperature. The findings indicate that usability is strongly influenced by user experience and cognitive factors. Body temperature changes can be used as an objective physiological indicator of usability and workload. Improvements in system learnability and user guidance are recommended to enhance usability for novice users.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irma Nur Afiah, Dirgahayu Lantara, Muhammad Budi Adiputra Reski, Nursalbiah Nasir, Fahrul Hidayat Bannya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Sulfuric Acid Concentration on the Leaching Behavior of Manganese Ore from Palludda Barru Regency
Section: Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: Manganese ore, sulfuric acid, Mn recovery, Paludda Manganese is one of the minerals that constitute various rock formations found throughout Indonesia, particularly in the Sulawesi region. Therefore, research on the processing of manganese ore is essential to ensure its availability can be utilized efficiently and effectively. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of varying H₂SO₄ concentrations and identify the optimum concentration for achieving the highest recovery in manganese ore processing. One method to enhance manganese ore grade is by applying a leaching process using H₂SO₄ solution with concentration variations of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, with a solid mass of 5 grams for each concentration. The leaching process was carried out for 6 hours at each concentration with a stirring speed of 200 rpm. The resulting filtrate was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The leaching results yielded dissolved Mn with 47.600% at 4% concentration, 52.585% at 6%, 50.141% at 8%, and 50.557% at 10%. Based on the results, the highest Mn extraction was achieved at a 6% concentration with a recovery of 52.585% after 6 hours of leaching.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sitti Ratmi Nurhawaisyah, Firman Nullah Yusuf, Murniati, Nur Khaera Fajriaty, Suryanto Bakri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Alteration and Mineralisation of Sulphide Deposits in The Lipukasi Area, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province
Section: Geology and Mining Engineering Keywords: Hydrothermal Alteration, Mineralization, Sulphida Deposit, Mineragraphy, XRD In the Lipukasi area, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province, sulphide deposits and complex alteration processes have been discovered. However, information regarding the alteration and mineralisation that has developed in this area is not yet available, so further research is needed to identify the types of alteration and mineralisation present in the Lipukasi area, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation that developed in the study area. The analytical method used in this research first carried out megaskopis analysis to determine the physical properties of the sample. After that, laboratory analyses of mineragraphy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were carried out. The results of megascopic analysis of the two research samples are an igneous rock with a fresh grey colour, a weathered yellowish-brown colour, a massive structure, an intermediate rock type, a crystalline texture, namely holocrystalline, a granularity, namely phaneroparabolic, a relationship, namely equigranular, and a crystal shape, namely euhedral. The minerals found from the results of mineralographic and XRD analysis are Hematite, mafic mineral, goethite, silica mineral, sulphide mineral (galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, covellite), quartz, and kaolinite. So it can be concluded the minerals found in the study area are hematite (Fe₂O₃), mafic minerals, silica minerals, goethite (FeO₂H), galena (PbS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), pyrite (FeS₂), kaolinite and quartz (SiO₂). Based on the indicated mineral composition, the type of alteration that developed in the study area is propylitic
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Hardin Wakila, Harwan, Alam Budiman Thamsi, Rizky Nurul Aulia, Rieska Dewi Aulia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Conceptual Model of MIS for Integration of Halal and Green Practices in Clothing SMEs Based on SSM
Section: Industrial Engineering and Management Keywords: Management information system, Halal, Green, Apparel SMEs, Soft system methodology Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the apparel sector in Indonesia are increasingly pressured to comply with both halal standards and green sustainability practices. However, most SMEs lack a management information system capable of integrating these two aspects in a unified manner. This leads to limited process transparency, difficulties in regulatory compliance, and low competitiveness. Therefore, a systemic approach is required to design a solution that aligns with the complexity of the SMEs context. This study aims to develop a conceptual model of a management information system that integrates halal and green pactices in apparel SMEs using the Soft System Methodology (SSM). SSM is employed as the main approach to understand the problem situation, identify stakeholder perspectives, formulate the root definition and CATWOE, and construct a conceptual activity model. The management information systems (MIS) is designed to support planning, control, production process tracking, halal sertification documentation, and environmental performance monitoring. The study produces a conceptual model of an integrated management information system consisting of halal compliance, green performance, production, and managerial reporting modules. The model illustrates information flows, stakeholder interactions, and data requirements to support decision-making aligned with halal and green principles. The developed conceptual model provides a foundation for designing an adaptive and implementable management information system for apparel SMEs. The integration of halal and green principles through SSM enables a holistic, participatory, and context-specific system design. This research contributes to strengthening sustainable production systems and enhancing the competitiveness of apparel SMEs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gina Rahayu, Nisa Noviani Sudarman, Dicky Adjie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An Evaluation of Supply Chain Reliability Strategies in the Garment Industry Based on the SCOR 14.0 Racetrack Framework
Section: Industrial Engineering and Management Keywords: Supply Chain Reliability, SCOR 14.0 Racetrack, Garment Industry, Improvement Strategy Evaluation, Project Prioritization This study presents an evaluation of supply chain reliability strategies in the garment industry by utilizing the SCOR 14.0 Racetrack Framework. The research was conducted at Raja Konveksi Kaos Makassar, a garment manufacturing company that has encountered recurring issues related to delayed deliveries, inaccurate order documentation, and poor product conditions upon customer receipt. To identify the underlying causes, a Fishbone Diagram was employed for structured root cause analysis. Based on the insights gained, a portfolio of ten improvement projects was formulated, adopting best practices outlined by the Association for Supply Chain Management (ASCM). These projects were classified according to SCOR process categories and then prioritized using a Prioritization Matrix to ensure alignment with organizational goals and resource allocation. Each prioritized project was executed using a Project Charter approach, supported by a Gantt Chart to track implementation timelines and manage activities efficiently. The evaluation phase indicated significant improvements in key SCOR reliability metrics: RL.3.3 improved by 9.23%, RL.3.5 by 2.07%, and RL.3.10 by 3.54%. These results demonstrate that the implemented strategies effectively enhanced supply chain reliability, operational performance, and service quality. Overall, this study affirms the value of the SCOR 14.0 Racetrack Framework as a practical and data-driven tool for evaluating and improving supply chain reliability in the garment industry, offering relevant insights for both academics and practitioners.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asrul Fole, Takdir Alisyahbana, Nur Ihwan Safutra, Muh. Ridzwan, Alifah Dwi Wulandari Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Thermal Analysis of the Exhaust Gas Temperature Increase Phenomenon in the Starboard Main Engine Mitsubishi S6R2-T2MTK3L
Section: Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Keywords: Exhaust gas temperature, Gas Boiler, Fuel, Combustion, Torque This study aims to analyze the thermal performance of the starboard main engine on a tugboat, specifically a Mitsubishi type S6R2-T2MTK3L, by focusing on the phenomenon of exhaust gas temperature increase. Measurements were conducted over six days under two operational conditions: towing an empty barge and towing a fully loaded barge. The results indicate that the exhaust gas temperature was significantly high in both conditions, with a temperature difference of 40 °C at low engine speed and up to 100 °C at high speed. These findings suggest incomplete combustion, indicating the need for further improvement in the engine's combustion process. Meanwhile, fuel temperature remained relatively stable in both conditions, with a maximum difference of only 3 °C at medium and high engine speeds, suggesting that the fuel delivery system is operating safely. The analysis of specific fuel consumption (SFC) revealed inconsistent trends in relation to engine speed. The highest SFC was recorded at 600 rpm while towing a fully loaded barge, at 0.01855 l/kWh. The highest engine torque was 7523.885 Nm at medium speed, while the lowest torque was 7165.605 Nm at high speed. This study concludes that high exhaust gas temperatures serve as a primary indicator of combustion inefficiency in the starboard main engine, requiring further evaluation to maintain operational efficiency and safety of the tugboat.
Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arham, Muhammad Zainuddin, Husni Mubarak, Akhsan Hamka, Syarifuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimizing Banana Chips Production Planning in MSMEs Through the Goal Programming Approach
Section: Industrial Engineering and Management Keywords: Goal Programming, Production Planning, MSMEs, Banana Chips, Optimization The UMKM Keripik Umi is a micro-scale enterprise that produces banana chips but currently lacks a structured and systematic production planning approach. Production decisions are still based on historical demand trends, leading to inefficiencies, especially when customer demand fluctuates. This study aims to optimize production quantities, minimize total production costs, and maximize sales revenue for three product variants: original, balado (spicy), and chocolate-flavored banana chips. To achieve these objectives, the Goal Programming method is utilized due to its effectiveness in solving multi-objective optimization problems, especially when there are conflicting goals. The results of the optimization show that the ideal production quantities are 4,191 packs for the original flavor, 8,187 packs for the balado flavor, and 5,434 packs for the chocolate flavor. With this production allocation, the minimum total production cost is achieved at IDR 123,479,100, while the maximum projected annual sales revenue reaches IDR 54,640,900. These findings demonstrate that the Goal Programming method can be a valuable decision-support tool for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), particularly in managing limited resources while pursuing multiple business objectives. By implementing structured production planning using this method, MSMEs like Keripik Umi can significantly improve their operational efficiency, adapt more effectively to market dynamics, and enhance profitability in a competitive business environment
Copyright (c) 2025 Yan Herdianzah, A. Dwi Wahyuni P, Citra Aulian Chalik, Berliana Febriyanti, Nova Asdi Kurnia Fitri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Drum Rotation Speed on Magnetic Separation Efficiency for Iron Grade Improvement of Galesong Beach Iron Sand Takalar Regency
Section: Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: Iron Sand, Magnetic Separation, Grade and Recovery, Rock, Minerals Iron sand is a deposit along the coast formed from the weathering of rocks containing iron minerals, such as in Galesong Beach, Takalar, South Sulawesi. Its utilization is still minimal due to the lack of knowledge of its content and properties, so it is necessary to increase the content to obtain optimal recovery before being processed into useful products. This study aims to analyze the geochemistry of iron sand with XRF and XRD, determine the optimal recovery, and the best drum rotation speed on a magnetic separator for its processing. The method of increasing the content of iron sand uses magnetic concentration. The results of the XRD analysis show that the iron sand sample is composed of minerals such as Orthoclase (KALSi3O8), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Quartz (SiO2), Iron ore (Fe2O3), Kaolinite (Al2O9Si2). The results of the XRF analysis have Fe2O3 = 23.40%, SiO2 = 38.38%, Al2O3 = 25.92%, CaO = 7.16 %, TiO2 = 2.60 %, and K2O, MnO, V2O5, Cr2O3, ZrO, SrO, ZnO, P2O5 each below 1%. The iron ore (Fe2O3) content of the concentrate product at each drum rotation speed is 45.11 %, 43.06 % and 64.16 % with recovery values of 75.19 %, 69.18 % and 97.16 %. The percentage of Fe2O3 content and the most optimal recovery rate are obtained at a rotation speed of 600 rpm
Copyright (c) 2025 Suriyanto Bakri, Mubdiana Arifin, Aldi Suryadi, Arif Nurwaskito, Firdaus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Discrete Simulation Model Development for Enhancing the Efficiency of Seaweed Production Processes at PT. IHFIM
Section: Industrial Engineering and Management Keywords: Discrete Event Simulation, Production Efficiency, , Seaweed Processing, , Bottleneck Analysis, , Agro-industrial Systems. This study focuses on improving the efficiency of seaweed production at PT. IHFIM through the development of a discrete event simulation model. The production system includes several main stages such as Pre-Treatment, Initial Rinse, Quality Check, Thermal Drying, Disinfection, and Final Blending. Field observation and actual production data were used to build the simulation model using ProModel software. Model verification was done through running simulations, and validation was conducted statistically using a t-test, confirming that the simulation outputs were consistent with actual conditions. The analysis identified two bottlenecks in the system: Pre-Treatment with 12.88% blocked time and Initial Rinse with 11.60% blocked time. To address these issues, two improvement scenarios were tested. Scenario 1 added an extra tank to the Pre-Treatment stage, which successfully reduced the blockage to 0%. Scenario 2 introduced additional buffer capacity at the Initial Rinse and Quality Check stages, resulting in a 4% reduction in blockage. The results show that increasing capacity at key points can improve material flow and reduce delays. This study concludes that discrete simulation is an effective method for identifying bottlenecks and evaluating operational improvements in agro-industrial production systems
Copyright (c) 2025 Asrul Fole, Khoerun Nisa Safitri, Riska Iva Riana, Nurul Aini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Copper Deposits in Samaenre Village, Tonra Sub-District, Bone District, South Sulawesi Province
Section: Geology and Mining Engineering Keywords: Copper, Ore Minerals, Mineragrafi, XRD, AAS Samaenre Village has supergene copper mineralisation in rocks of the Kalamiseng Formation and geographically adjacent to diorite intrusions. The mineralisation outcrops are associated with alteration that changes the volcanic rocks of the Kalamiseng Formation. Previously, research was conducted on the characteristics of hydrothermal alteration and its alteration type in the Tonra area of Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. However, the research did not specifically examine the types of copper ore minerals and their associations and did not determine the copper content at the research location. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of copper ore minerals, associated minerals and copper content in samples in the study area. The analytical method used in this research is first carried out megaskopis analysis to determine the physical properties of the sample. After that, laboratory analyses of mineragraphy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) were carried out. The results of megascopic analysis of the two research samples have a fresh blue colour and a fresh green colour with a brown weathered colour, there are calcite minerals and also tend to oxidise. Copper ore minerals found based on Mineragraphy and XRD analysis are Cuprorhodsite (CuFeRh2S4), Auricuprite (Cu3Au), Tenorite (CuO), Cuprite (Cu2O). The associated minerals found based on the results of Mineragraphy and XRD analysis are Cupalite (Al5Cu5), Diopside (CaMgSi2O6), Siderite (FeCO3), and Diopside (CaMgSi206). The copper (Cu) content in samples from the study area based on AAS analysis results ranged from 0.11 % to 0.17 % Cu
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Hardin Wakila, Andi Fahdli Heriansyah, Rizky Nurul Aulia, Al Muhaimin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pyrolysis Effects of Coconut Shell and Wood Waste on Charcoal Characteristics as Biobriquette Raw Material
Section: Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technologies Keywords: Biobriquettes, charcoal, coconut shell, pyrolysis, wood waste Coconut shell charcoal has been widely produced as a raw material for biobriquette production. This cause effect on an increase of coconut shell price as a raw material for charcoal production. Wood waste is one of the easier and cheaper biomass to be obtained than coconut shell. However, the quality of charcoal produced from wood waste need to be compared to be used as a substitute of coconut shell. This study aims to discover the effect of pyrolysis as a carbonisation process on coconut shell, wood waste, and a mixture of both biomass on the quality of charcoal produced including yield, proximate analysis, lignocellulose analysis, and calorific value. A completely randomized design was used in this study by taking into account two influencing factors, including the type of sample (biomass sample and charcoal sample) and the type of biomass (coconut shell, wood waste, and a mixture of both). Pyrolysis was carried out at 550℃ for 120 minutes. Pyrolysis of biomass and different types of biomass have giving effects on the characteristics of the biomass and charcoal produced. The results of the analysis showed that the type of coconut shell biomass and a mixture of the two biomasses produced charcoal that qualified on standards. The results of the analysis concluded that charcoal made from a mixture of coconut shell and wood waste could be a solution to substitute charcoal made from coconut shell only.
Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technologies
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhifal Dui Rifaldy, Efri Mardawati, Yazid Bindar, Desy Nurliasari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An Innovative Herbal Hair Tonic Derived from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Extract
Section: Chemical and Process Engineering Keywords: Purslane, Succulent, Portulaca, Phytochemicals, Hair tonic The rising demand for natural and eco-friendly personal care products has driven innovation in plant-based formulations. Portulaca species, rich in bioactive compounds, are potential candidates for use in hair tonic products due to their hair growth-promoting properties. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical content of two Portulaca species and evaluate the effects of extract concentration on hair tonic formulation quality; Methods or process: The research was conducted at the Research Laboratory of FTI-UMI and involved several steps: sample preparation, extraction using the Soxhlet method, qualitative phytochemical analysis, formulation of hair tonic, and testing of pH, viscosity, density, and organoleptic properties; Results: The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of active compounds beneficial for hair care. Among the formulations, Portulaca oleracea L. extract in Formulation 1 demonstrated the most suitable characteristics, with a pH of 4.13, fulfilling the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for cosmetic products. Similarly, Portulaca grandiflora H. extract in Formulation 1 exhibited acceptable quality with a pH of 4.25; Conclusion: The study highlights the innovative potential of Portulaca-based hair tonics as environmentally friendly alternatives in the cosmetic industry. These findings support the development of sustainable herbal products with scientifically proven efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Candela International Engineering Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Fermentation Duration on the Carbon-to-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Produced from Dami Jackfruit Waste Using Coconut Husk-Based Bioactivator
Section: Chemical and Process Engineering Keywords: Jackfruit dami waste, bioactivator, coconut fiber MOL, C/N ratio, liquid organic fertilizer Market and household waste are significant contributors to urban pollution, leading to health issues and a decline in city aesthetics. One of the most commonly found market wastes is jackfruit dami waste. This study aims to evaluate the effect of bioactivator addition on the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and to determine the optimal composting duration for achieving a favorable C/N value. The bioactivator (MOL) was prepared using 300 g of coconut fiber and 5 L of coconut water, fermented for two weeks with stirring every three days to release gas. Molasses was prepared by dissolving 1 kg of granulated sugar in 1000 mL of distilled water (1:1 ratio). The jackfruit dami waste was shredded, weighed, and mixed with distilled water, molasses, and MOL at varying concentrations (5%, 11%, and 17% v/w). The composting process was carried out in sealed plastic containers for 9 to 24 days, with stirring every three days. The composted materials were then analyzed for organic carbon and nitrogen content to determine the C/N ratio. The results showed that the highest C/N ratio of 7.18% was obtained on day 24 with a 11% MOL concentration. However, based on the standards set by the Ministry of Agriculture for liquid organic fertilizers, the C/N ratio obtained in this study did not meet the required specifications.
Utilization Of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni) And Avocado Seeds (Persea americana) For Making Capsules
Section: Chemical and Process Engineering Keywords: Avocado seeds, capsules, seaweed Capsules are solid preparations consist of the drug in a soluble hard or soft shell. Capsules are generally made by gelatin, it can also be starch or other suitable ingredients. The manufacture of capsules can be derived from seaweed in terms of abundance which can be used as raw material for making natural and halal capsules. Polysaccharide-based seaweed contains sodium, magnesium and calcium which are bound to sulfate ester groups. In addition, avocado seeds also have the potential with 80.1% starch content. The stages in the research are processing seaweed to be carrageenan, making avocado seed flour and making capsules.The carrageenan that produced according the FAO (Food agriculture Organization) standards including moisture, ash, viscosity, gel strength and heavy metals. This study has combined the ratio between avocado seeds and seaweed with a ratio of 1: 1; 1: 2; 1: 3, 2: 1; 2: 2; 2:3; 3: 1, 3: 2; 3: 3. The capsules obtained have a moisture content ranging from 14- 31%. Total Plate Figures (ALT) indicate the number of microbes in a productaccording with SNI 7388: 2009. For the tensile strength have the high tensile strength is ratio avocado seeds and seaweed (2: 3), while the high modulus young is a ratio of 1: 1. Therefore, the raw material for capsules from seaweed and avocado seeds effects the characteristics of the capsules and can be use as natural and halal capsules to replace gelatin.
Corrosion Resistance of Ternary Zr-Ti-Cu Alloy for Dental Implant Application in Ringer Lactate Solution Contamined with Ulcer Medicine
Section: Metallurgical Engineering Keywords: Implant, Corrosion Resistance, Zr-Ti-Cu, Tafel Polarization, Ringer's Lactated solution Implanted material is one of the solutions to overcome damage or the function of human organs. The many needs about implants or biomaterials make researchers continue to conduct various studies. One criterion as an implant material is that having good corrosion resistance so it does not have rejection from the body. This research aims to determine the corrosion behavior of Zr-Ti-Cu implant material in Lactated Ringer's solution. The Zr-Ti-Cu implant material uses a variation of 1% and 3% Cu content synthesized by the melting process using a Single Arc Melting Furnace with an atmospheric environment of argon. The results were characterized using an optical microscope and Vickers test equipment. Corrosion behavior of the Zr-Ti-Cu implant using a potentiostat with the Tafel polarization method in a Ringer's Lactated solution and Ringer’s Lactate solution that added with ulcer potion 10 mL. From the results of characterization with optical microscopy and XRD showed phases α-Zr and α-Ti, and intermetallic compounds Zr2Cu and Ti2Cu. Increasing Cu content can increase the hardness value so it has a hardness value between 528-619 HV. The addition of ulcer potion increases the corrosivity level of Ringer’s lactate solution. Corrosion resistance increased from 2,140 mpy to 1,571 mpy in Ringer's Lactate solution and from 2,060 mpy to 1,492 mpy in Ringer's Lactate solution with ulcer potion due to the addition of Cu in the alloy.